Editor’s Note: This article was first published in Areo Magazine in September 2017.

Growing up as a child I didn’t know much about Communism except that it was bad. I knew that it was atheistic from what I had heard at the mosque… but early on I knew I was quite atheistic, so that was not a major issue to me. There was a period when I was eight or nine when I was interested in military history and armaments. It was immediately obvious that the Soviet Union seemed to be maintaining parity with the United States of America, which impressed me a great deal (MiG-29s are still around!). Though I also read that it expended a much larger proportion of its GDP on that than the USA.

Even then, it was clear to me that the Soviet Union was an authoritarian regime, but it wasn’t dramatically emphasised in the same way that the evils of Nazi Germany were. The Nazis had become dramatic legends even in my youth, but I’m old enough that in the 1980s and 1990s I also met survivors of the concentration camps, whether personally or during tours of schools. And then there was Schindler’s List. The Holocaust and Nazism, and the bravery of the “Greatest Generation” were all prominent in our minds.

In the wake of the Brezhnev era, the Soviets were more sinister than evil, while with the rise to power of Mikhael Gorbachev they also seemed to be turning a new leaf.

Even after the fall of the Communist bloc in the early 1990s I did have later encounters with the ideology. One of my roommates (and friend) at university was an avowed Communist. Now, I knew of other self-identified Communists, but she was the real deal. She flew to Cuba to listen to a six-hour speech given by Fidel Castro at one point, even though she didn’t have the money for it. And she seemed genuinely saddened by the shift of China toward a mixed economy. It wasn’t just a pose. But I didn’t give it much thought. In the 1990s, Communism had no future, so her ideological fervour struck me as a harmless affectation.

It was only later that that I understood the true impact of Communist ideology, especially earlier in the twentieth century: Stalin’s and Mao’s political purges, and the tens of millions who died in famines. The death toll under Communist regimes is of incredible magnitude; without compare (though with parallel, alas).

It is fitting that Joseph Stalin is reputed to have been the one who said “the death of one person is a tragedy; the death of one million is a statistic.”

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And yet whenever I dismiss and attack Communism for being an evil ideology I get a serious number of rebuttals. Often they take the same forms as the arguments I read in Michael Parenti’s Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism back in the 1990s, which initially led me down the path of exploring Communism more deeply (despite being supportive of the Communist project in general, even Parenti couldn’t deny the atrocities, even as he tried to mitigate its effects).

One argument I often get is that they meant well. This is in contrast to the National Socialists in Germany, who were exterminationists. To a first approximation, this seems clear… but as someone who is personally from rural “landlord” background, I doubt that Communists meant well to everyone! The dictatorship of the proletariat was going to overturn the old order, and the losers were not going to be happy about it. Not only were they going to be dispossessed, but they were often targeted and killed. They were class enemies, and it was clear early on that revolutionary Marxists were not going to be gentle with those class enemies. They would liquidate them.

But whatever their intent, with Communism we have several repeated instances of massive death counts of the very people that the revolutions were supposed to help. The famine in Ukraine, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cambodian Genocide are clear examples. Then there is the North Korean famine in the late 1990s. And the greatest decline in poverty the world has ever seen has occurred after the Chinese Communist state veered away from the regnant Marxist-Leninist economic orthodoxy of the 20th century.

Today we face a new dilemma. Since 1970 the wage gap between skilled workers and the unskilled has been growing in the developed world. The egalitarian society of mass affluence seems to be fading away, as a new era of inequality and immiseration is facing us. At least in prosperous mature societies.