A review of To Lose a War: The Fall and Rise of the Taliban by Jon Lee Anderson, 400 pages, Penguin Press (August 2025)

Back in October 2001, in the first week of the war in Afghanistan, a British newspaper reporter spoke to a Taliban fighter on the Pakistani border. The young jihadist was full of bluster. The Americans, he said, would never win, because “they love Pepsi-Cola, but we love death.” This, it turned out, was no idle boast. In 2021, the Americans decided they’d had enough and the medieval Islamists are now back in power in Kabul reaping the dividends of patience.

The justice of the war in Afghanistan was never in doubt: the Taliban regime was harbouring Osama bin Laden and his confederates, and from that territory they had planned and carried out the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington on 11 September 2001. Very few people disagreed that extirpating the Taliban and their al Qaeda guests was justified or that this would constitute an act of deliverance for the benighted Afghan people, not least the female half compelled to live as chattel.

But the justness of a cause is no guarantee of its success, and twenty years later, the war ended in an ignominious withdrawal executed by President Joe Biden but set in motion by President Donald Trump the year before. The lives and money sacrificed in this prolonged intervention were hardly trivial: 2,500 US troops lost their lives, thousands more were wounded, and the cost to the American taxpayer is estimated to have run above US$2 trillion. This is what it took To Lose a War, as Jon Lee Anderson titles his powerful new book. Its subtitle, The Fall and Rise of the Taliban, offers a poignant reminder of hard-won gains carelessly frittered away.

As soon as US forces deployed to Afghanistan in October 2001, they found themselves reinforced by indigenous fighters of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (better known the Northern Alliance). Together, they defeated the Taliban—a cadre of pious “students” who had established a sharia state in 1996 with Saudi funding and support from sections of Pakistan’s intelligence services—only to surrender the country back to them two decades later. Back in power, the Taliban is reverting to type, maintaining strict religious law to restore purity and virtue to the land. 

Anderson is a seasoned correspondent for the New Yorker who cut his teeth reporting on Afghanistan in the late 1980s when the Red Army was laid low by the mujahideen, an alliance of tribal warlords and Islamist guerrillas whose martial élan—and advanced Western weaponry—wrecked the Soviet occupation. “Afghanistan has always been more of a battleground of history than it has been a nation,” Anderson writes, and the Soviets were only the latest in a long line of foreign invaders to bleed grievously there.

To Lose a War is a compilation of Anderson’s previously published essays on Afghanistan, with splotches of new material hastily attached in what feels like an effort to pad the book. Nonetheless, it plainly seeks to offer a rounded view of the American enterprise there, “from its dramatic beginning all the way to its hapless end.” And on this score, it delivers handsomely.

This is Anderson’s second offering on the subject. His first, The Lion’s Grave, was “a chronicle of the first year of the American presence in Afghanistan,” rushed to press in 2002 while Lower Manhattan was still clearing the debris of the World Trade Center. It elevated Anderson’s status in that select band of correspondents who would spend the next few years in the chaotic streets of Kabul and the badlands of the Korengal Valley putting that forbidding place on the American map.

To Lose a War opens with the story of Ahmad Shah Massoud—the “lion” of Anderson’s previous title and a renowned mujahideen leader dispatched by al Qaeda suicide bombers on 9 September 2001, just two days before Osama bin Laden’s suicide squad struck American civil society. This neutralised the Taliban’s most stalwart enemy at just the time he was needed most, hindering US power before it was even brought to bear.

Bitter Lessons from Afghanistan

The decision to withdraw from Afghanistan returns those nations willing to fight evil to their couches, where they can sigh in safety.

QuilletteJohn Lloyd

It’s hard to recall now, but before years of waste and corruption thwarted the proper functioning of the Afghan state during the American interregnum, and before it was clear that US forces would struggle in vain to fully pacify the countryside, the lightning US intervention in the shadow of 11 September was regarded as a “qualified success.” “The Taliban had vanished into the hills,” Anderson reminds us, “as had al Qaeda, and a pliant new pro-Western regime had been installed.” Kabul, which had banished all signs of Westernisation and all signs of women had suddenly ceased to be a City of God.

But this progress would not last. The initial euphoria occasioned by Afghanistan’s experiment in democratic federalism—its population doubled by the return of refugees and a birth bulge—wilted under the excessive venality of government officials in Kabul. And the accommodation with American power could not withstand the unrelenting campaign of violence meted out by the Taliban. In addition to regular engagements with US and Afghan forces, foreigners were regularly kidnapped and murdered, roads were mined, and schools—especially Hazara Shi’ite girls’ schools—were bombed.

Within a decade of the American intervention, it was unsafe to travel outside of the heavily fortified capital. The suicide blast walls erected around Kabul’s ministries gave the definite impression of a regime that exerted no authority beyond the government district. The massive US embassy is described by Anderson as a “veritable fortress,” unceremoniously abandoned after the decision was made to cast Afghanistan adrift.

The US presence was also marked by a profusion of blunders. Perhaps the most telling was Washington’s inordinate fear of the poppy. Instead of buying Afghanistan’s opium crop to keep the profits out of the hands of bandits and Taliban chieftains, US policy was to destroy it, fuelling resentment against the new order and replenishing support for the Taliban insurgency. A particularly engrossing chapter, “The Americans’ Opium War,” about the booming opium industry in Uruzgan, a rural province in the homeland of the Taliban, makes for especially dismal reading.

Anderson has a discursive style that offers a microcosmic rather than a panoramic view of the war, filled with granular detail. His focus on the human element of war yields an affecting portrait of its diverse protagonists—American grunts and contractors, as well as a broad array of Afghans, from members of the urban intelligentsia to tribal warlords. This meticulous approach has many virtues, but it fails to make sense of the Taliban. Perhaps this isn’t surprising, since the rationalist Western mind tends to find them inscrutable. It was the Taliban religious police, after all, who once posted the instruction: “Throw reason to the dogs—it stinks of corruption.”

There was always something amiss about America’s mission in Afghanistan—a truth that Anderson’s book brings home with awful clarity. After impressive initial successes in decimating al Qaeda in their mountain redoubts and ousting the Taliban from power, the prospect of lasting victory in Afghanistan and the borderlands of Pakistan swiftly receded. But this fact was only dimly perceived—or at least, never forthrightly acknowledged—by the custodians of American power.

The American diplomatic and military presence might have survived had a mature determination been made by leaders in Washington to maintain a small-scale commitment capable of harassing al Qaeda and ISIS cadres in the countryside and preventing the reversion to Taliban rule. Indeed, by the end, this was precisely the shape of the American mission, which had dwindled to a few thousand US troops meant to preserve a compliant regime in Kabul and keep jihadists in check. But after twenty years of diminishing returns, Americans no longer wanted their soldiers to be there.

It’s altogether fitting that To Lose a War should end on an elegiac note. Anderson concludes that Afghanistan has now entered a “twilight zone” of hideous repression since the Taliban takeover. A recent religious edict forbids women from speaking outside of their homes, from which they can no longer emerge without burkhas. The country and its people are now as remote from the American strategic gaze as they ever were. Whatever reckoning comes to this antique land, Anderson wisely suggests that its well-earned reputation for piracy and cruelty ensures that “it will involve war.”